synopsis（简介）

The AUDIT is a 12 question self-report screening questionnaire designed to measure harmful alcohol use. This includes the 10 standard questions of the AUDIT and this version includes 2 optional questions at the end to determine self-identified problem drinking and self-perceived difficulty in stopping drinking. The AUDIT is widely used and useful for routine screening in community health settings and was developed in conjunction with the World Health Organisation.
It is sensitive to three factors of problematic alcohol use:
Hazardous health impacts
Dependence symptoms
Behavioural or social problems of use
The AUDIT differs from other self-report screening tests in that it was based on data collected from a large multinational sample, used a statistical rationale for item selection, emphasises identification of hazardous drinking rather than long-term dependence and adverse drinking consequences, and focuses primarily on symptoms occurring during the recent past rather than “ever”.

AUDIT 是一份 12 个问题的自我报告筛查问卷，旨在测量有害饮酒情况。该问卷包括 AUDIT 的 10 个标准问题，最后还包括 2 个可选问题，以确定自我认定的问题饮酒和自我感觉的戒酒困难。AUDIT在社区卫生机构的常规筛查中被广泛使用，并与世界卫生组织共同开发。
它对问题性饮酒的三个因素非常敏感：
对健康的危害
依赖症状
饮酒的行为或社会问题
AUDIT 与其他自我报告筛查测试的不同之处在于，它基于从大型跨国样本中收集的数据，在项目选择上采用了统计学原理，强调识别危险饮酒而非长期依赖和不良饮酒后果，并主要关注近期而非 "曾经 "出现的症状。

Validity（效度）

In the test development sample (Saunders et al, 1993), a cut-off value of 8 yielded sensitivities for various indices of problematic drinking that were in the mid 0.90s.

Subsequent research has evaluated the AUDIT against other measures of alcohol problems including data from comprehensive interviews. One such study (Bush, et al, 1998) found that among 477 participants who completed the AUDIT and were interviewed to determine significant alcohol related problems, a cutoff score of 8 had a sensitively (false negative) of 59% and a specificity (false positive) of 91%. That is, a score of 8 or more will only be sensitive to 59% of individuals who actually have drinking problems, and one can be 91% sure it is not a false positive.

Hays and Merz (1995) gave 832 individuals who were enrolled in drink driving treatment program in California the AUDIT and found that the average score was 8.6 (SD 6.9). This data is used to compute percentiles but given the positive skew should be interpreted with caution.

在测试开发样本中（Saunders et al, 1993），截止值为 8 的各种问题性饮酒指数的灵敏度在 0.90 左右。
随后的研究将 AUDIT 与其他酒精问题测量指标（包括综合访谈数据）进行了对比评估。其中一项研究（Bush, et al, 1998）发现，在 477 名完成 AUDIT 并接受访谈以确定重大酒精相关问题的参与者中，8 分临界值的敏感性（假阴性）为 59%，特异性（假阳性）为 91%。也就是说，8 分或更高的分值只能对 59% 有饮酒问题的人产生敏感性，但可以确定 91% 不是假阳性。
Hays 和 Merz（1995 年）对加利福尼亚州参加酒后驾驶治疗项目的 832 人进行了 AUDIT 测试，发现平均得分为 8.6（标准差为 6.9）。该数据用于计算百分位数，但考虑到其正偏性，应谨慎解释。

Scoring and Interpretation（得分解释）

Total scores range from 0 to 40, with higher scores indicating greater likelihood of hazardous and harmful drinking. Scores are also presented as a percentile compared to a sample of individuals enrolled in a drink driving treatment program (Hays & Merz, 1995). A percentile of 50 indicates a typical score for someone with serious drinking related driving offences, with higher percentiles indicate high severity. Percentiles below 30 likely indicate no drinking problem.

Scoring is computed by adding scores (0 – 4) on questions 1 to 8, and questions 9 and 10 scored 0, 2, or 4 points. Questions 11 and 12 are not scored.

Risk levels are presented based upon the following total scores:

0 – 7: Low risk
8 – 15: Hazardous
16 – 19: Harmful
20+: High risk

Total scores of 8 or more are recommended as indicators of hazardous and harmful alcohol use. However, a score of 8 or more will only be sensitive to 59% of individuals who actually have drinking problems, (Bush et al, 1998). Therefore, scores should only be used as an indication of alcohol problems and not to definitively rule it out.

When looking at individual responses the questions can be conceptualised using the following three categories:

Likelihood of hazardous health impacts (questions 1, 2 & 3)
Dependence symptoms (questions 4, 5 & 6)
Behavioural or social problems as a result of use (questions 7, 8, 9 & 10)
These are also presented as standard scores (out of 10) so that the relative challenges faced in each of these categories can be compared.

A raw score above 4 (standard score 3.3) on the Dependence subscale indicates that the client may have alcohol dependency. If a client scores of 4 or more then it is recommended that further assessment be completed to determine if dependence is confirmed.

The last two questions help with managing self-beliefs about drinking problems and self-perceived difficulties in stopping or reducing drinking levels within the next 3 months.

总分从 0 到 40 分不等，分数越高，危险和有害饮酒的可能性越大。与参加酒后驾驶治疗项目的样本相比，得分还以百分位数表示（Hays & Merz, 1995）。百分位数为 50 表示与酒后驾驶相关的严重违法行为的典型得分，百分位数越高表示严重程度越高。百分位数低于 30 可能表示没有饮酒问题。
得分计算方法是将问题 1 至 8 的得分（0 - 4）相加，问题 9 和 10 的得分分别为 0、2 或 4 分。问题 11 和 12 不计分。
风险等级根据以下总分确定：
0 - 7：低风险
8 - 15：危险
16 - 19：有害
20+: 高风险
建议将总分 8 分或以上作为危险和有害饮酒的指标。然而，8 分或更高的分数只能对 59% 实际有饮酒问题的人敏感（布什等人，1998 年）。因此，分数只能作为酗酒问题的一个指标，而不能明确排除酗酒问题。
在考察个人反应时，可将问题分为以下三类：
危害健康的可能性（问题 1、2 和 3）
依赖症状（问题 4、5 和 6）
使用导致的行为或社会问题（问题 7、8、9 和 10）
这些问题也以标准分（满分 10 分）的形式列出，以便比较每个类别所面临的相对挑战。
依赖性分量表的原始分超过 4 分（标准分 3.3 分），表明客户可能存在酒精依赖。如果客户的得分达到或超过 4 分，则建议完成进一步的评估，以确定是否已确认对酒精产生依赖。
最后两个问题有助于管理对饮酒问题的自我信念，以及在未来 3 个月内停止饮酒或减少饮酒量的自我认知困难。