Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-Short Form (DASS-21) 抑郁焦虑压力量表简表

synopsis（简介）

The DASS-21 is the short form of the DASS-42, a self-report scale designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress.  This scale is suitable for clinical settings to assist in diagnosis and outcome monitoring, as well as non-clinical settings as a mental health screener.

The DASS is based on a dimensional rather than a categorical conception of psychological disorders, and scores emphasise the degree to which someone is experiencing symptoms rather than having diagnostic cutoff points.

While the test was developed with individuals older than 17 year of age, due to the simplicity of language, there has been no compelling evidence against the use of the scales is children as young as 12.

As the three scales of the DASS have been shown to have high internal consistency and to yield meaningful discriminations, the scales meets the needs of both researchers and clinicians who wish to measure current state or change in state over time (e.g., in the course of treatment). It is a useful tool for routine outcome monitoring and can be used to assess the level of treatment response.

DASS-21 是 DASS-42 的简表，DASS-42 是一种自我报告量表，用于测量抑郁、焦虑和压力等负面情绪状态。 该量表适用于临床环境，以协助诊断和结果监测，也适用于非临床环境，作为心理健康筛查工具。
DASS 基于心理障碍的维度概念，而不是分类概念，其分数强调的是某人出现症状的程度，而不是诊断的临界点。
虽然该测试是针对 17 岁以上的人开发的，但由于语言简单，目前还没有令人信服的证据表明该量表不适用于 12 岁以下的儿童。
由于 DASS 的三个量表已被证明具有很高的内部一致性，并能产生有意义的区分度，因此该量表既能满足研究人员的需要，也能满足临床医生测量当前状态或随时间（如在治疗过程中）状态变化的需要。它是常规结果监测的有用工具，可用于评估治疗反应水平。

Validity and Reliability（信效度）

The DASS-21 was initially developed using a sample of responses from 504 students, taken from a larger sample of 950 first year university students. The items were subsequently checked for validity against outpatient groups including patients suffering from anxiety, depression and other mental disorders.

The DASS-21 has been extensively normed, with data used for interpretive purposes based on a sample of 1794 non-clinical adults (Henrey & Crawford, 2005). Consistent with the DASS-42, the DASS-21 has internal consistency and concurrent validity in acceptable to excellent ranges (Antony et al., 1998).

DASS-21 最初是根据从 950 名大学一年级学生中抽取的 504 名学生的回答样本开发的。随后，针对门诊病人群体（包括焦虑症、抑郁症和其他精神障碍患者）对项目进行了有效性检查。
DASS-21 已经过广泛的标准化测试，其数据是基于 1794 个非临床成年人样本进行解释的（Henrey & Crawford, 2005）。与 DASS-42 一致，DASS-21 的内部一致性和并发效度在可接受到优秀的范围内（Antony 等人，1998 年）。

Scoring and Interpretation（得分解释）

Score are presented as a total score and a score  for the three subscales. For each of the three subscales percentiles and computed based on a community sample (Henrey & Crawford, 2005).

In addition, scores for each subscale are categorised into five severity ranges: normal, mild, moderate, severe and extremely severe. The severity labels are used to describe the full range of scores in the population, so ‘mild’ for example means that the person is above the population mean but probably still below the typical severity of someone seeking help (i.e. it does not mean a mild level of disorder).

Each of the three DASS-21 scales contains 7 items.

Depression: dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest / involvement, anhedonia and inertia. (Items 3, 5, 10, 13, 16, 17, 21)

Anxiety: autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect. (Items 2, 4, 7, 9, 15, 19, 20)

Stress:  levels of chronic nonspecific arousal, difficulty relaxing, nervous arousal, and being easily upset / agitated, irritable / over-reactive and impatient. (Items 1, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 18)

When administered more than once a graph is produced showing change in symptoms over time. Percentiles are graphed which indicate the level of symptoms compared to the general population. A percentile above 90 is indicative of significant psychological distress, while scores below the 90th percentile are more indicate of psychological health. However given the dimensional nature of psychological distress it may be more useful to consider even small changes in symptoms over time, rather than focusing on categorical differences.

得分以总分和三个分量表的得分表示。三个分量表的百分位数均根据社区样本计算得出（Henrey & Crawford，2005 年）。
此外，每个分量表的得分还分为五个严重程度：正常、轻度、中度、重度和极重度。严重程度标签用于描述人群中的全部得分范围，因此 "轻度 "意味着该人的得分高于人群平均值，但可能仍低于求助者的典型严重程度（即并不意味着轻度失调）。
DASS-21 的三个量表各包含 7 个项目。
抑郁：焦虑症、绝望、贬低生活、自我贬低、缺乏兴趣/参与、失乐症和惰性。(第 3、5、10、13、16、17 和 21 项）
焦虑：自律神经唤醒、骨骼肌效应、情景焦虑和焦虑情绪的主观体验。(项目 2、4、7、9、15、19、20）
压力：长期非特异性唤醒水平、难以放松、紧张唤醒，以及容易心烦意乱/激动、易怒/反应过度和不耐烦。(项目 1、6、8、11、12、14、18）
如果进行多次测量，则会绘制出一张图表，显示症状随时间的变化。百分位数图表显示的是与一般人群相比的症状水平。百分位数高于 90 表示有严重的心理困扰，而低于第 90 百分位数则更多表示心理健康。不过，鉴于心理困扰的维度性质，考虑症状随时间的微小变化可能比关注分类差异更有用。