Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-Long Form (DASS-42) 抑郁焦虑压力量表-长表

synopsis（简介）

The DASS-42 is a 42 item self-report scale designed to measure the negative emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. It is the long version of the DASS-21. It is a useful tool for routine outcome monitoring and can be used to assess the level of treatment response.

The principal value of the DASS in a clinical setting is to clarify the locus of emotional disturbance. The DASS is based on a dimensional rather than a categorical conception of psychological distress, and scores emphasise the degree to which someone is experiencing symptoms rather than diagnostic cutoff points.

While the DAS-42 was developed with individuals older than 17 year of age, due to the simplicity of language, there has been no compelling evidence against the use of the scales in children as young as 12.

As the scales of the DASS have been shown to have high internal consistency and to yield meaningful discrimination between symptoms, the scale should meet the needs of clinicians who wish to measure current state or change in state over time (e.g., in the course of treatment).

DASS-42 是一个 42 个项目的自我报告量表，旨在测量抑郁、焦虑和压力等负面情绪状态。它是 DASS-21 的加长版。它是常规结果监测的有用工具，可用于评估治疗反应水平。
DASS 在临床环境中的主要价值在于明确情绪障碍的病因。DASS 基于心理困扰的维度概念，而不是分类概念，其分数强调的是某人出现症状的程度，而不是诊断的临界点。
虽然 DAS-42 是针对 17 岁以上的人开发的，但由于语言简单，目前还没有令人信服的证据表明该量表不适用于 12 岁以下的儿童。
由于 DASS 的量表已被证明具有较高的内部一致性，并能对不同症状进行有意义的区分，因此该量表应能满足临床医生测量当前状态或随时间变化的状态（如在治疗过程中）的需要。

Validity and Reliability（信效度）

The DASS-42 was developed by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) using a sample of responses from the comparison of 504 sets of results from a trial by students.
The assessment was then normed on a sample of 1044 males and 1870 females aged between 17 and 69 years, across participants of varying backgrounds, including university students, nurses in training and blue and white collared employees of a major airline, bank, railway workshop and naval dockyard. The scores were subsequently checked for validity against outpatient groups including patients suffering from anxiety and depressive disorders, insomniacs, myocardial infarction patients, as well as patients undergoing treatment for sexual, menopausal and depressive disorders. While the test was not normed against samples younger than 17, due to the simplicity of language it can be used in people as young as 12.
The means and standard deviations based on the normative sample collected by Lovibond and Lovibond (1995) are as follow:
– Depression: 6.34 (6.97)
– Anxiety: 4.7 (4.91)
– Stress: 10.11 (7.91)
The mean scores in the normative sample varied slightly between genders as well as varying by age, though the threshold scores for classifications do not change by these variations.

DASS-42 是由 Lovibond 和 Lovibond（1995 年）通过比较 504 组学生试验结果中的反应样本而开发的。
然后，对 1044 名男性和 1870 名女性进行了评估，他们的年龄在 17 岁至 69 岁之间，背景各不相同，包括大学生、受训护士以及大型航空公司、银行、铁路车间和海军船坞的蓝领和白领员工。随后，还对门诊病人群体（包括焦虑症和抑郁症患者、失眠症患者、心肌梗塞患者，以及正在接受性障碍、更年期障碍和抑郁症治疗的患者）的得分进行了有效性检验。虽然该测试没有以 17 岁以下的样本为标准，但由于语言简单，它可用于 12 岁以下的人群。
根据 Lovibond 和 Lovibond（1995 年）收集的标准样本得出的平均值和标准偏差如下：
- 抑郁：6.34（6.97）
- 焦虑：4.7（4.91）
- 压力 10.11 (7.91)
常模样本的平均分在不同性别之间略有不同，在不同年龄之间也有差异，但分类的临界值并不因这些差异而改变。

Scoring and Interpretation（得分解释）

Scores are presented as a total score (0 to 126) and scores for each of the three subscales (0 to 42).

In addition, the three subscales are presented as percentile ranks, comparing the respondents scores to a normative community sample (Lovibond & Lovibond 1995). A percentile of around 50 represents relatively healthy and average symptoms compared to the wider population. Scores above the 90th percentile are of clinical significance, and indicate that the respondent has higher levels of symptomatology compared to 90 percent of the community.

If the scale is administered twice or more symptoms are graphed over time.

Each of the three symptom clusters are described below:

– Depression: dysphoria, hopelessness, devaluation of life, self-deprecation, lack of interest / involvement, anhedonia and inertia.

– Anxiety: autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect.

– Stress: levels of chronic nonspecific arousal, difficulty relaxing, nervous arousal, and being easily upset / agitated, irritable / over-reactive and impatient.

得分以总分（0 至 126 分）和三个分量表中每个分量表的得分（0 至 42 分）表示。
此外，三个分量表以百分位数的形式显示，将受访者的分数与标准社区样本进行比较（Lovibond & Lovibond，1995 年）。百分位数约为 50 代表与更广泛的人群相比相对健康和平均的症状。高于第 90 百分位数的分数具有临床意义，表明与社区中 90% 的人相比，受测者的症状水平较高。
如果量表使用两次或两次以上，症状会随时间变化而变化。
下面分别介绍三个症状群：
- 抑郁：抑郁障碍、绝望、贬低生活、自我贬低、缺乏兴趣/参与、失乐症和惰性。
- 焦虑：自律神经唤醒、骨骼肌效应、情景焦虑和焦虑情绪的主观体验。
- 压力：长期非特异性唤醒水平、难以放松、紧张唤醒、容易不安/激动、易怒/反应过度和急躁。