Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CESD-R) 抑郁量表

synopsis（简介）

The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-R) is a 20 item self-report questionnaire used to measure symptoms of depression, and is particularly useful for tracking symptoms over time. It taps into nine different symptom groups of Major Depressive Disorder as defined by the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, fifth edition (DSM-V). These symptom groups are:

Sadness (dysphoria)
Loss of Interest (anhedonia)
Appetite
Sleep
Thinking / concentration
Guilt (worthlessness)
Tired (fatigue)
Movement (agitation)
Suicidal ideation

When used in conjunction with DSM-V criteria and clinical judgment this scale is useful for diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder.

流行病学研究中心抑郁量表（CESD-R）是一份 20 个项目的自我报告问卷，用于测量抑郁症状，尤其适用于随时间推移追踪症状。根据美国精神病学协会《诊断与统计手册》第五版（DSM-V）的定义，该量表可测量重度抑郁症的九个不同症状组。这些症状群包括
悲伤（抑郁障碍）
失去兴趣（失乐症）
食欲不振
睡眠
思考/注意力不集中
内疚（无价值感）
疲倦（疲劳）
运动（激动）
自杀倾向
结合 DSM-V 标准和临床判断，本量表可用于诊断重度抑郁障碍。

Validity and Reliability（效度和信度）

Van Dam and Earleywine (2011) validated the CESD-R on a large community same (N = 7389, mean age = 30.2, SD = 12.1). Factor analysis showed one factor and that the scale had good internal consistency and psychometric properties. In their community sample total score range of 0 to 77 (M = 10.3, S.D. = 11.7). The distribution of CESD-R scores had a large positive skew, meaning that percentiles derived from this data should be treated with caution. They also evaluated the scale with an undergraduate student sample (mean age 19.5 (SD=1.8), showing a higher mean of 16.4 (SD = 13.5).

Van Dam 和 Earleywine（2011 年）在一个大型社区样本（样本数 = 7389，平均年龄 = 30.2，SD = 12.1）中验证了 CESD-R。因子分析显示，该量表有一个因子，具有良好的内部一致性和心理测量特性。在他们的社区样本中，总分范围为 0 至 77 分（中位数 = 10.3，标准差 = 11.7）。CESD-R 分数的分布有很大的正偏斜，这意味着应谨慎对待从这些数据中得出的百分位数。他们还对本科生样本（平均年龄为 19.5 岁（标准差=1.8））进行了量表评估，结果显示平均值为 16.4（标准差=13.5），高于本科生样本。

Scoring and Interpretation（得分解释）

Scores are presented as total raw scores as well and two percentiles, one based on a community sample of adults and the other based on a student sample (mean age = 19.5). High scores indicate more symptoms of depression.

Further interpretation of individual responses can be done in light of the symptoms clusters of Major Depressive Disorder.

1 – Sadness (Dysphoria): Questions 2, 4, 6
2 – Loss of Interest (Anhedonia): Questions 8, 10
3 – Appetite: Questions 1, 18
4 – Sleep: Questions 5, 11, 19
5 – Thinking / concentration: Questions 3, 20
6 – Guilt (Worthlessness): Questions 9, 17
7 – Tired (fatigue): Questions 7, 16
8 – Movement (Agitation): Questions 12, 13
9 – Suicidal ideation: Questions 14, 15

According to the DSM-5 criteria, diagnosis of Major Depressive disorder can be made if five (or more) of the above symptoms clusters are endorsed and at least one of the symptom is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest in pleasure.

得分以原始总分和两个百分位数的形式呈现，其中一个百分位数基于社区成人样本，另一个百分位数基于学生样本（平均年龄 = 19.5）。高分表示抑郁症状较多。
可以根据重度抑郁障碍的症状群对个人反应进行进一步解释。
1 - 忧郁（失调）： 问题 2、4、6
2 - 失去兴趣（失乐症）： 问题 8、10
3 - 食欲： 问题 1、18
4 - 睡眠 问题 5、11、19
5 - 思考/集中注意力： 问题 3、20
6 - 内疚（无价值感）： 问题 9、17
7 - 疲倦（疲劳）： 问题 7、16
8 - 运动（躁动）： 问题 12、13 问题 12、13
9 - 有自杀倾向： 问题 14、15
根据 DSM-5 标准，如果出现上述症状中的五个（或更多）症状群，并且至少有一个症状是（1）情绪低落或（2）对快乐失去兴趣，就可以诊断为重度抑郁障碍。